Anxiety Disorders in Childhood and Adolescence Essay Paper

Anxiety Disorders in Childhood and Adolescence Essay Paper

Anxiety Disorders in Childhood and Adolescents

Anxiety disorders are among the common psychiatric diseases in the United States of America. Females between the age of 10 to 18 years are more affected comparing to males. Anxiety disorders are categorized in to three groups; panic disorder, social anxiety disorder, and generalized anxiety disorder (Willis, & Gregory, 2015). This paper reviews the case analysis of Emma, 15 years old who presented with fear of social performance and social places. She avoids speaking in public to avoid being embarrassed or humiliated. Anxiety Disorders in Childhood and Adolescence Essay Paper

Decision # 1

The differential diagnoses in this case scenario are social anxiety, generalized anxiety disorder, and panic disorder. The most suitable diagnosis for a 15-year-old female is social anxiety disorder. Symptoms of social anxiety disorders are feeling of awkwardness, embarrassment, or very self-conscious in front of other, intense fear for judgment from others, avoiding social places, having difficulty in speaking in front of others, and avoiding situations that may trigger anxiety. Triggers of social anxiety are being called to speak in class, talking to people at the workplace or school, and having to perform in front of others. In the presented case, the girl reports that she cannot go to the mall with her friends and she cannot speak with her friends because of fear of scrutiny despite her good grades in class. She prefers staying at home all day reading books.

  BUY  HERE A PLAGIARISM-FREE PAPER HERE

I choose not to select generalized anxiety and panic disorders as the appropriate diagnosis given that the client’s symptoms are most consistent with the condition. Panic anxiety disorder presents with an anxious appearance, cool clammy skin, tremors hyperventilation, tachycardia, and tachypnea. Generalized anxiety disorder presents with excessive worry, restlessness, irritability, avoidant behaviors, and sleep disorders. By making this decision that the 15 years old girl has a social anxiety disorder, I was hoping to understand her challenges and draw up the solution that would have been adopted to help her recover fully, regain normality, and interact with other people. What was expected with the first decision was similar to the result of the decision. This is because the 15 years old female showed symptoms of social anxiety disorder which were confirmed. This was also my expected diagnosis. Anxiety Disorders in Childhood and Adolescence Essay Paper

Decision # 2

I selected the psychological testing decision. The reason behind it is because the patient was a minor just 15 years old. Due to her young age, it would be unfair to the parents and the patient to start on medication without counseling. Psychotherapy treatment is based on talking to a counselor to seek help for any psychological and behavioral problems. The pharmacotherapy format used individual therapy. This type of therapy has proven to be successful as it allows the counselor to make the correct diagnosis of the attitude, tone, and general physique of a patient (Spence, & Rapee, (2016). The patients can confront their issues and develop a healthy coping mechanism. Anxiety Disorders in Childhood and Adolescence Essay Paper

The expected result was reduced social anxiety. This was achieved through higher subjection of the patient to anxiety-evoking stimuli over time to allow the patient to become desensitized to the experience. Relaxation sessions help the patient to control the levels of anxiety. Respiratory training helps control hyperventilation during social anxiety. What was expected with the second decision was similar to the result of the decision. This is because the patient reformed through the counseling sessions and exposure to the social places

Decision # 3

The Treatment Plan for Psychopharmacology

Psychopharmacology goes hand in hand with psychotherapy in the management of social anxiety disorder. Drugs used in the treatment of social anxiety are benzodiazepines, tricyclic antidepressants, pregabalin, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, and selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors ad selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors are the first-line recommended drugs due to their positive risk or benefit balance. The drug of choice is sertraline 25 mg once daily (Fountoulakis, et al, 2017). This is because it is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor which is well tolerated compared to a selective norepinephrine inhibitor. It helps in relieving anxiety at social places. The onset of drug side effects is between the first and the second week. Reducing the drug dosage in the first two weeks and increasing it gradually reduces the drug side effects. This ensures that the patient complies with the medication. Anxiety Disorders in Childhood and Adolescence Essay Paper

The expected result was to relieve social anxiety symptoms which are trembling, sweating, fast heartbeat, and trouble catching breath. After the treatment, the patient was expected to interact normally with other classmates and to spend her free time at social places. The expected result was correspondent with the actual result. The patient gradually interacted with her classmates and became socially active. She could talk in class freely without fear of embarrassment or judgment from others.

Ethical Considerations

According to the American psychiatric association, all psychiatric patients deserve to be treated with the utmost respect (Sugarman, J. 2015). The healthcare practitioner should ensure confidentiality and privacy, respect the principle of autonomy, give informed consent during treatment, and avoid harming the patient. Anxiety Disorders in Childhood and Adolescence Essay Paper

Anxiety Disorders in Childhood and Adolescence

“I don’t know why everyone is worried that I don’t want to go out with my friends anymore. I just like to stay home. There is nothing wrong with that. I go to school and get good grades, but I don’t know what to say to those other girls in my class. They ask why I can’t go to the mall with them on the weekend and I get all embarrassed. They don’t understand that I don’t know what to say to them. When I do say something, it is always wrong, or they laugh. I can just stay home and read my books.”

Emma, age 15

Anxiety disorders that plague many individuals in adulthood often have their origins in childhood and adolescence. By identifying those children and adolescents with anxiety disorders, the PMHNP can intervene and teach skills that the client can use to control anxiety throughout his or her life.

This week, you analyze case studies to determine the diagnosis and treatment of anxiety disorders.

Learning Resources

Required Readings

American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry (AACAP). (2012a). Practice parameter for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 51(1), 98–113. Retrieved from http://www.jaacap.com/article/S0890-8567(11)00882-3/pdf

American Nurses Association. (2014). Psychiatric-mental health nursing: Scope and standards of practice (2nd ed.). Washington, DC: Author.

• Standard 8 “Education” (pages 69-70)

American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.

• “Anxiety Disorders”

McClelland, M., Crombez, M., Crombez, C., Wenz, C., Lisius, M., Mattia, A., & Marku, S. (2015). Implications for advanced practice nurses when pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infections (PANDAS) is suspected: A qualitative study. Journal of Pediatric Healthcare, 29(5), 442-452. doi:10.1016/j.pedhc.2015.03.005

Sadock, B. J., Sadock, V. A., & Ruiz, P. (2014). Kaplan & Sadock’s synopsis of psychiatry: Behavioral sciences/clinical psychiatry (11th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer.

• Chapter 31, “Child Psychiatry” (pp. 1253–1268)

Stahl, S. M. (2014). Prescriber’s Guide: Stahl’s Essential Psychopharmacology (5th ed.). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. Anxiety Disorders in Childhood and Adolescence Essay Paper

Note: All Stahl resources can be accessed through the Walden Library using the link. This link will take you to a login page for the Walden Library. Once you log in to the library, the Stahl website will appear.

To access information on the following medications, click on The Prescriber’s Guide, 5th Ed. tab on the Stahl Online website and select the appropriate medication.

Review the following medications:

Note: Many of these medications are FDA approved for adults only. Some are FDA approved for disorders in children and adolescents. Many are used “off label” for the disorders examined in this week. As you read the Stahl drug monographs, focus your attention on FDA approvals for children/adolescents (including “ages” for which the medication is approved, if applicable) and further note which drugs are “off label.”

Required Media

Laureate Education (Producer). (2017c). Anxiety disorder, ODC, or something else? [Multimedia file]. Baltimore, MD: Author.

YMH Boston. (2013b, May 22). Vignette 3 – Asking about depression in a preventive services visit [Video file]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TO8aITpMG5E

Note: The approximate length of this media piece is 3 minutes.

YMH Boston. (2013d, May 22). Vignette 5 – Assessing for depression in a mental health appointment [Video file]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gm3FLGxb2ZU

Note: The approximate length of this media piece is 3 minutes. Anxiety Disorders in Childhood and Adolescence Essay Paper

Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gm3FLGxb2ZU

Assignment: Decision Tree

For this Assignment, as you examine the client case study in this week’s Learning Resources, consider how you might assess and treat pediatric clients presenting symptoms of a mental health disorder.

Learning Objectives

Students will:

• Evaluate clients for treatment of mental health disorders
• Analyze decisions made throughout diagnosis and treatment of clients with mental health disorders

The Assignment:

Examine Case 2: You will be asked to make three decisions concerning the diagnosis and treatment for this client. Be sure to consider co-morbid physical as well as mental factors that might impact the client’s diagnosis and treatment.

  ORDER  HERE NOW

Case 2:

https://mym.cdn.laureate-media.com/2dett4d/Walden/NURS/6660/05/mm/decision_tree/index.html

At each Decision Point, stop to complete the following:

• Decision #1: Differential Diagnosis
  • Which Decision did you select?
  • Why did you select this Decision? Support your response with evidence and references to the Learning Resources.
  • What were you hoping to achieve by making this Decision? Support your response with evidence and references to the Learning Resources.
  • Explain any difference between what you expected to achieve with Decision #1 and the results of the Decision. Why were they different?
• Decision #2: Treatment Plan for Psychotherapy
  • Why did you select this Decision? Support your response with evidence and references to the Learning Resources.
  • What were you hoping to achieve by making this Decision? Support your response with evidence and references to the Learning Resources.
  • Explain any difference between what you expected to achieve with Decision #2 and the results of the Decision. Why were they different?
• Decision #3: Treatment Plan for Psychopharmacology
  • Why did you select this Decision? Support your response with evidence and references to the Learning Resources.
  • What were you hoping to achieve by making this Decision? Support your response with evidence and references to the Learning Resources.
  • Explain any difference between what you expected to achieve with Decision #3 and the results of the decision. Why were they different?
• Also include how ethical considerations might impact your treatment plan and communication with clients and their families. Anxiety Disorders in Childhood and Adolescence Essay Paper

Note: Support your rationale with a minimum of three academic resources. While you may use the course text to support your rationale, it will not count toward the resource requirement.

References

Fountoulakis, K. N., Grunze, H., Vieta, E., Young, A., Yatham, L., Blier, P., … & Moeller, H. J. (2017). The International College of Neuro-Psychopharmacology (CINP) treatment guidelines for Bipolar disorder in adults (CINP-BD-2017), part 3: the clinical guidelines. International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology, 20(2), 180-195.

Spence, & Rapee, (2016). The etiology of social anxiety disorder: An evidence-based model. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 86, 50-67.

Sugarman, J. (2015). Neoliberalism and psychological ethics. Journal of theoretical and Philosophical Psychology, 35(2), 103.

Willis, & Gregory, (2015). Anxiety disorders and sleeps in children and adolescents. Sleep Medicine Clinics, 10(2), 125-131. Anxiety Disorders in Childhood and Adolescence Essay Paper