Outcome and Process Measures Essay

Outcome and Process Measures Essay

Continuous Quality Improvement

Continuous quality improvement is a process that focuses on activities that are responsive to the needs of the community by improving population health (Wong, & Headrick, 2021). It is a gradual process and an ongoing effort towards achieving measurable improvements in the efficiency, effectiveness, performance, accountability, and outcomes in an organization. Continuous quality improvement ensures that a correctional facility uses a structured process to find areas in the healthcare delivery system that needs improvement and that when such improvement is found, staff develop and implement strategies for improvement. Continuous quality improvement begins with the culture of improvement for the patient, the practice, and the population in general.

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According to Wong, & Headrick, (2021), establishing an effective continuous quality improvement strategy requires a practice that should choose and use a formal model for quality improvement. It should establish and monitor metrics that evaluate improvement efforts and outcomes routinely. It should ensure all the staff members understand the metrics for success. It should ensure the patients’ families, providers, and care team is involved in quality improvement activities. Lastly, they should optimize the use of electronic health records and health information technology to meet meaningful use criteria. Continuous quality improvement initiative has three components. They are; structure, process, and outcome (Wong, & Headrick, 2021). Structure in CQI is the technological, human, physical, and financial asset to carry out its work. The process measure in CQI includes the activities, workflow, or tasks carried out to achieve the outcome or output. An outcome measure in CQI is a tool that provides a score, an interpretation of the results, and at times a risk categorization of the patient. Outcome and Process Measures Essay

Process Measures

The process measures are the activities or tasks that indicate what a provider does to improve or maintain health for either healthy people or those diagnosed with health conditions. The process measures inform the consumers about the medical care they expect to receive for a given disease, and they can contribute towards improving the health outcomes (Zarbo, R. J. 2021). Process measures that determine quality improvement can be preventive care or curative care. For example, preventive care may indicate the percentage of the population receiving preventive services such as immunizations. Curative care may indicate the number of diabetic patients who have their blood sugar tested and are well controlled.

Preventive Care

Preventive healthcare service stops the occurrence of a disease process to reduce the burden of disease and the associated risk factors (Farraye, et al, 2017). Provision of preventive healthcare services is a process measure in continuous quality improvement. For example, screening for breast cancer among all women of reproductive age reduces the number of breast cancer and the treatment cost. Therefore, preventive services provide responsive services that promote a healthy community.

Curative Care

Curative services are the activities or procedures performed to promote recovery from an illness, injury, or impairment. The number of patient cures in hospitals versus the sick patients indicates continuous quality improvement (Laird, et al, 2020). For example, when diabetic patients have well-controlled blood sugars and are on a strict diet, it is an indication of continuous quality improvement in the clinic. Monitoring CQI promotes a healthy population and reduces the cost of treating chronic illnesses.

Both curative and preventive services are the process measures that monitor quality improvement in a healthcare department. Data is collected through interviewing the patients in the wards and outpatient clinics. Success of the process measure is determined by the number of patients receiving or seeking curative preventive services. Accurate data collection determines the success of the monitoring of continuous quality improvement. To reduce the cost and the time spent on data collection and monitoring the curative services, it is necessary to install an electronic health recording system that monitors the number of patients receiving services, treatment given, and follow-up. Increasing the workforce in the healthcare sector will promote preventive services.

Outcome Measure

An outcome measure is a tool used to assess the patient’s current status. An outcome measure may provide a score, an interpretation of the results, and risk categorization of the patient (Hunter, et al, 2017). Before providing any intervention, the outcome provides baseline data in which the initial results help to determine the course of treatment intervention. The outcome measure provides a credible and reliable justification for treatment on an individual patient level. It reveals the areas in which the intervention could improve care and compare the effectiveness of various treatments and procedures. The goal of measuring, reporting, and comparing healthcare outcomes is to; improve the patient experience of care, improve the health of populations, reduce the per capita cost of healthcare, and reduce clinician or staff burnout. An example of outcome measure selected is the safety of care. Safety of care pertains to medical mistakes such as hospital-acquired infections and skin breakdown.

Patient Safety-Healthcare Associated Infections

Patient safety is a healthcare discipline that emerges with practices whose aim is to reduce or prevent medical errors and harm that may occur to a patient during the provision of care. Healthcare-associated infections are the most common medical errors that breach the quality of care. Healthcare-associated infections are the infections that people get while they’re receiving health care for another condition. They happen in healthcare facilities such as hospitals, ambulatory surgical centers, and end-stage renal facilities. Common HAI’s are surgical site infection, ventilator-associated pneumonia, catheter-associated urinary tract infections, central line-associated bloodstream infection, and methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (Chen, et al, 2019). Healthcare-associated infection is an outcome measure to be used to monitor continuous quality improvement. The prevalence of HAI’s translates the quality of safety and care accorded to a patient while in the hospital. Increased cases of HAI’s are an indication of poor quality of care in terms of hygiene, aseptic procedures, and prophylaxis drug choice. Continuous reduction in cases of HAI’s indicates a continuous quality improvement in the care given.

Outcome measure is determined through quantitative data analysis. The method of data collection involves interviewing the infection control practitioners, nurses, and clinicians working at the various departments. Reviewing daily reports and nursing cardex provides continuous and consistent data about the new cases of healthcare-associated infections. The prevalence of healthcare-associated infections is measured by the number of new cases divided by the total number of patients receiving treatment, multiplied by 100. For example, let’s say new cases of healthcare-associated infections in a clinic are 30 in one month. The total number of patients who received treatment is 600 in one month. The prevalence rate is 2% for the HAI’s. The success rate of the outcome measure is determined by consistent documentation of data and reporting to the infection control department to ensure continuous quality improvement. Data collection is an extraneous and expensive activity. To reduce on cost and save on time spent on data collection, it is appropriate to adopt the electronic heath recording system to produce accurate consistent data that monitors CQI.

Benchmark – Outcome and Process Measures – Rubric

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Process Measures

13.2 points

Criteria Description

Process Measures

5. 5: Excellent

13.2 points

Two process measures are present.

4. 4: Good

12.14 points

NA

3. 3: Satisfactory

11.62 points

Two process measures are not present.

2. 2: Less Than Satisfactory

10.56 points

Two process measures are incomplete or not applicable.

1. 1: Unsatisfactory

0 points

NA

Outcome Measures

13.2 points

Criteria Description

Outcome Measures

5. 5: Excellent

13.2 points

One outcome measure is present.

4. 4: Good

12.14 points

NA

3. 3: Satisfactory

11.62 points

NA

2. 2: Less Than Satisfactory

10.56 points

One outcome measure is incomplete or not applicable.

1. 1: Unsatisfactory

0 points

One outcome measure is not present.

Description of Why Each Measure Was Chosen

14.4 points

Criteria Description

Description of Why Each Measure Was Chosen

5. 5: Excellent

14.4 points

A description of why each measure was chosen is present and thorough.

4. 4: Good

13.25 points

A description of why each measure was chosen is present and detailed.

3. 3: Satisfactory

12.67 points

A description of why each measure was chosen is present, but lacks detail or is incomplete.

2. 2: Less Than Satisfactory

11.52 points

A description of why each measure was chosen is present.

1. 1: Unsatisfactory

0 points

A description of why each measure was chosen is not present.

Explanation of How Data Would Be Collected for Each Measure

14.4 points

Criteria Description

Explanation of How Data Would Be Collected for Each Measure

5. 5: Excellent

14.4 points

An explanation of how data would be collected for each measure is present and detailed.

4. 4: Good

13.25 points

An explanation of how data would be collected for each measure is present and thorough.

3. 3: Satisfactory

12.67 points

An explanation of how data would be collected for each measure is present, but lacks detail or is incomplete.

2. 2: Less Than Satisfactory

11.52 points

An explanation of how data would be collected for each measure is present. Outcome and Process Measures Essay

1. 1: Unsatisfactory

0 points

An explanation of how data would be collected for each measure is not present.

Explanation of How Success Would Be Determined

14.4 points

Criteria Description

Explanation of How Success Would Be Determined

5. 5: Excellent

14.4 points

An explanation of how success would be determined is present and thorough.

4. 4: Good

13.25 points

An explanation of how success would be determined is present.

3. 3: Satisfactory

12.67 points

An explanation of how success would be determined is present and detailed.

2. 2: Less Than Satisfactory

11.52 points

An explanation of how success would be determined is present, but lacks detail or is incomplete.

1. 1: Unsatisfactory

0 points

An explanation of how success would be determined is not present.

Data Driven, Cost-Effective Solutions (C6.5.)

14.4 points

Criteria Description

Data Driven, Cost-Effective Solutions (C6.5.)

5. 5: Excellent

14.4 points

One or two data-driven, cost-effective solutions to this challenge are present and thorough. Solutions provided are appropriate for the task.

4. 4: Good

13.25 points

One or two data-driven, cost-effective solutions to this challenge are not present.

3. 3: Satisfactory

12.67 points

One or two data-driven, cost-effective solutions to this challenge are detailed. Outcome and Process Measures Essay

2. 2: Less Than Satisfactory

11.52 points

One or two data-driven, cost-effective solutions to this challenge are present.

1. 1: Unsatisfactory

0 points

One or two data-driven, cost-effective solutions to this challenge are incomplete or not applicable.

Thesis Development and Purpose

8.4 points

Criteria Description

Thesis Development and Purpose

5. 5: Excellent

8.4 points

Paper lacks any discernible overall purpose or organizing claim.

4. 4: Good

7.73 points

Thesis is comprehensive and contains the essence of the paper. Thesis statement makes the purpose of the paper clear.

3. 3: Satisfactory

7.39 points

Thesis is clear and forecasts the development of the paper. Thesis is descriptive and reflective of the arguments and appropriate to the purpose.

2. 2: Less Than Satisfactory

6.72 points

Thesis is apparent and appropriate to purpose.

1. 1: Unsatisfactory

0 points

Thesis is insufficiently developed or vague. Purpose is not clear.

Argument Logic and Construction

9.6 points

Criteria Description

Argument Logic and Construction

5. 5: Excellent

9.6 points

Argument shows logical progressions. Techniques of argumentation are evident. There is a smooth progression of claims from introduction to conclusion. Most sources are authoritative.

4. 4: Good

8.83 points

Clear and convincing argument that presents a persuasive claim in a distinctive and compelling manner. All sources are authoritative.

3. 3: Satisfactory

8.45 points

Argument is orderly, but may have a few inconsistencies. The argument presents minimal justification of claims. Argument logically, but not thoroughly, supports the purpose. Sources used are credible. Introduction and conclusion bracket the thesis. Outcome and Process Measures Essay

2. 2: Less Than Satisfactory

7.68 points

Sufficient justification of claims is lacking. Argument lacks consistent unity. There are obvious flaws in the logic. Some sources have questionable credibility.

1. 1: Unsatisfactory

0 points

Statement of purpose is not justified by the conclusion. The conclusion does not support the claim made. Argument is incoherent and uses noncredible sources.

Mechanics of Writing (includes spelling, punctuation, grammar, language use)

6 points

Criteria Description

Mechanics of Writing (includes spelling, punctuation, grammar, language use)

5. 5: Excellent

6 points

Prose is largely free of mechanical errors, although a few may be present. The writer uses a variety of effective sentence structures and figures of speech.

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4. 4: Good

5.52 points

Writer is clearly in command of standard, written, academic English.

3. 3: Satisfactory

5.28 points

Some mechanical errors or typos are present, but they are not overly distracting to the reader. Correct and varied sentence structure and audience-appropriate language are employed.

2. 2: Less Than Satisfactory

4.8 points

Surface errors are pervasive enough that they impede communication of meaning. Inappropriate word choice or sentence construction is used. Outcome and Process Measures Essay

1. 1: Unsatisfactory

0 points

Frequent and repetitive mechanical errors distract the reader. Inconsistencies in language choice (register) or word choice are present. Sentence structure is correct but not varied.

Paper Format (Use of appropriate style for the major and assignment)

6 points

Criteria Description

Paper Format (Use of appropriate style for the major and assignment)

5. 5: Excellent

6 points

All format elements are correct.

4. 4: Good

5.52 points

Template is fully used; There are virtually no errors in formatting style.

3. 3: Satisfactory

5.28 points

Template is used, and formatting is correct, although some minor errors may be present.

2. 2: Less Than Satisfactory

4.8 points

Template is used, but some elements are missing or mistaken; lack of control with formatting is apparent.

1. 1: Unsatisfactory

0 points

Template is not used appropriately or documentation format is rarely followed correctly. Outcome and Process Measures Essay

Documentation of Sources

6 points

Criteria Description

Documentation of Sources (citations, footnotes, references, bibliography, etc., as appropriate to assignment and style)

5. 5: Excellent

6 points

Sources are completely and correctly documented, as appropriate to assignment and style, and format is free of error.

4. 4: Good

5.52 points

Sources are documented, as appropriate to assignment and style, although some formatting errors may be present.

3. 3: Satisfactory

5.28 points

Sources are documented, as appropriate to assignment and style, and format is mostly correct.

2. 2: Less Than Satisfactory

4.8 points

Documentation of sources is inconsistent or incorrect, as appropriate to assignment and style, with numerous formatting errors.

1. 1: Unsatisfactory

0 points

Sources are not documented.

Assessment Description In a 1,000-1,250 word paper, consider the outcome and process measures that can be used for CQI. Include the following in your essay: At least two process measures that can be used for CQI. At least one outcome measure that can be used for CQI. A description of why each measure was chosen. An explanation of how data would be collected for each (how each will be measured). An explanation of how success would be determined. One or two data-driven, cost-effective solutions to this challenge. Prepare this assignment according to the guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center. An abstract is not required. This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion. You are required to submit this assignment to LopesWrite. A link to the LopesWrite technical support articles is located in Class Resources if you need assistance. Outcome and Process Measures Essay

References

Chen, W. S., Qiao, F., Yang, Y., Gao, X. D., Li, Z. J., Zhang, Y. X., … & Liu, Y. (2019). Interpretation and clinical practice of regulation for prevention and control of healthcare associated infection in outpatient and emergency department in healthcare facilities. Annals of translational medicine, 7(1).

Farraye, F. A., Melmed, G. Y., Lichtenstein, G. R., & Kane, S. V. (2017). ACG clinical guideline: preventive care in inflammatory bowel disease. Official journal of the American College of Gastroenterology| ACG, 112(2), 241-258.

Hunter, S. B., Rutter, C. M., Ober, A. J., & Booth, M. S. (2017). Building capacity for continuous quality improvement (CQI):  Outcome and Process Measures Essay